五、Quotation Marks 引号 (当没有特别说明时为双引号“” Single QuotationMarks单引号‘ ’)
5.1 直接引用，这是最常见的用法：
5.1.1 引号内的引用句为原句：
1. She said, “Hurry up.” 她说：“快点儿。” (注意中、英标点用法不同处)
2. “I can come today,” she said, “but not tomorrow.”
3. The sign changed from “Walk,” to “Don't walk,” to “Walk” again
within 30 seconds.
4. “I'm finally tired enough to get to sleep,” she yawned. (这里的引用句
结尾是逗号，不可用句号喔)
5. They shouted,“Congratulations!” through the door.
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5.1.2 如果引用句本身为陈述句，而整句为问句，那问号就要加在引号之后：
1. Did he say, “I am going to college next year”? (注意是“……”？问号在
引号之外喔)
2. Do you agree with the saying,“A living dog is better than a dead lion”
? (整句是问你同意引号内的那句话吗，所以问号要加在句尾)
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5.1.3 如果引用句本身是个问句，那问号就要加在引号内：
1. Did he say, “Are you going to college next year?” (这里“……?”这个
问句要放在引号内。不可写成 Did he say, “Are you going to college next
year?”?)
2. She asked, “Will you still be my friend?” (句尾同样不可再加问号喔)
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5.1.4 引用的字或短语如在整句中并无中断，这时就不必加上逗号：
. The phrase “lovely, dark and deep” begins to suggest ominous
overtones.
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5.1.5 如引用句属于句子的一部份，在引号前加冒号(:)：
1. My mother's favorite quote was from Shakespeare:“This above all, to thine own self be true.”
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5.1.6 如果引用句内又有引用句，那就要用单引号(‘ ’)以示区别：
1. George explained, “I heard her say, ‘Go away!’so I left.”
2. He said, “Mary said,‘Do not treat me that way.’” (注意句尾的句号是在单引号内，而句尾的单引号和双引号之间不可再加标点)
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5.1.7 引用句有两段以上时，只在每一段开始用引号(“)，直到结束段最后才加引号(”)：
“This is paragraph 1 (这里只用“)
“This is paragraph 2 (这里也只用“)
“This is paragraph 3.” (最后就要用“”)
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5.1.8 多人对话式引用句，各对话各占一段：
“I'll do my best,”he said. (引用句结尾用的是逗号，而不是句号,因为接着有he said)
“How old is he?”she asked.
“According to his passport he's thirty-one.” (这里的引用句结尾用句号，因为没有he said)
“And what is his real name?”
“Wilson.”
“Edward Wilson,”she said softly.
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5.2 引用句属“无声对话”，加不加引号都可以：
1. Oh, what a beautiful morning, Curly said to himself. (Oh, what a
beautiful morning 这句话是Curly 对自己说的，并没发出声音,不必加上引号)
2. “Oh, what a beautiful morning!” Curly said to himself. (加上引号也行)
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5.3 间接引用语不可加上引号：
1. The President said that NAFTA would eventually be a boon to small businesses in both countries. (The President said 后面的话并非原话，因此不必加上引号)
2, Professor Villa told her students the textbooks were not yet in the
bookstore.
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5.4 文章、报告、评论、短篇故事、诗歌、戏剧、电影等标题/篇名都用引号
5.4.1 在句子中提到的标题或篇名用双引号(“”)：
1. My favorite short story is “The Treasure.” (句尾的句号放在引号内是美国式的；英国式的则放在引号外“The Treasure”.)
2. My favorite peom is Robert Frost's “Design.”
3. The poem “Trees” was written by Joyce Kilmer. (“Trees”在句中，不可加其他标点)
4. “The Time Machine” is my favorite film.
5. What do you think of William Shakespeare's “Henry V”? (除了句号及逗号，其他如问号等的位置，须视句子而定)
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5.4.2 在报章标题中出现的引号，应为单引号(‘ ’):
1. Congress Cries ‘Shame!’
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5.5 特殊词汇
5.5.1 当引号加在一个专门术语或特别强调的词汇上时，引号前不可加逗号：
1. Doctors refer to the red blemish as an “hemangioma.” (不可写成...as an, “hemangioma.”)
2. Sartre's treatment of ‘being’,as opposed to his treatment of‘non-being’, has been thoroughly described in Kaufmann's book. (哲学上的
关键概念应用单引号，奇怪喔)
六、Colons (:) 冒号
冒号在中文或英文里都是一个相当常见的标点符号，在用法上也大致一样。
注意：
* 冒号前不可有空格
* 冒号后可加一空格
* 冒号后千万不要加- (如 :-)
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大家先来看看下面的例子，你以为句子中的冒号用法对吗？
For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and
a flashlight.
如果你的答案是对，那你就错了！这是一个常见的冒号用法上的错误。正确的用法，看
下去就会明白了。这里且让我们从最简单的用法开始吧。
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6.1 冒号用在公函上收信人的称呼
Dear Sir: (你看，冒号前没有任何空格喔)
We were very honored to have you come visit our company.
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6.2 冒号用于分开标题和副标题(当一标题需要进一步说明时所加上的副标题)
1. Math Applications: Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks
(标题Math Applications和副标题Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks之
间以冒号隔开)
2. I recommend Chinnery's book Oak Furniture: the British Tradition. (Oak
Furniture是书名，the British Tradition是副标题)
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6.3 冒号必须加在完整句子或独立子句之后
最常见的冒号用法上的错误就是将冒号放在完整句或独立子句的中间。看看下面的例子
：
Every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a hammer, and a saw.
其中Every repairman must have是不是有完整的意思呢？显然意思并不完整。因此句
子中的冒号是多馀的。如果要用冒号的话，上面句子应该写成下面的样子：
There are three things every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a hammer,
and a saw.
看看冒号前There are three things every repairman must have，它是不是有完整的
意思呢？“每一位修理员必备三样东西”可见意思是完整的，虽然你还会问是哪三样东
西呢？因此冒号后面就列出那三样东西了。
现在我们知道在冒号前必须是的完整意思的句子或子句，跟冒号后的可不一定是个句子
或子句。它可能是一个列表，甚至可能只是一个单词。因此前面举的那个例子错在哪里
也就明白了吧。下面给出它的正误句：
错误句：For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food,
water, and a flashlight.
正确句：For our camping trip, I brought various essential items: a lantern,
a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
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6.3.1 一些例子
1. Africa is facing a terrifying problem: perpetual drought(持续干旱). (冒号
后说明非洲所面对的困境)
2. The situation is clear: if you have unprotected sex with a stranger, you
risk AIDS. (说明你的处境是什么)
3. She was sure of one thing: she was not going to be a housewife. (说明她
肯定的是什么事)
4. We found the place easily: your directions were perfect. (说明为什么那么
容易找到那个地方)
5. Several friends have provided me with inspiration: Tim, Ian, and above
all, Larry. (说明是哪几个朋友)
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6.3.2 反过来也行
1. Saussure, Sapir, Bloomfield, Chomsky: all these have revolutionized
linguistics in one way or another.
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6.4 冒号用于注明引用圣经的章节
1. The story of Menahem is found in II Kings 15:1422.
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6.5 冒号用于表示比例
1. Among students of French, women outnumber men by more than 4:1. (4:1=4比
1,用文字说就是by more than four to one)
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6.6 冒号用于表示时间(美国式)
1. 2:15 (两点十五分) (英国式 2.15)
2. 11
30 (A) (上午十一点三十分) (英国式 11.30 am)