省略常见考点讲解

为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可以省略。省略可分为以下几种情况：
（一）简单句中的省略 1、省略主语
(1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如： (I)Beg your pardon. (请再说一遍。——括号内为省略的词语，下同)
(2)其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如：
①（I）Thank you for your help. ②（I）See you tomorrow. ③（It）Doesn’t matter.
2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如：
①（There is）No smoking.(禁止吸烟。) ②(Is there)Anything else?(还有其它事吗？)
③(You come)This way,please.(请这边走。) ④(Will you)Have a smoke?(吸支烟？)
⑤What(do you think)about a cup of tea? ⑥Why(do you)not say hello to him?(为何不向他问好呢？)
3、省略宾语
（1）省略宾语的全部。如： ①---Do you know Miss Gao? -----I don’t know (her).
②----Which of the two is the better choice?----Well,it’s hard to tell (it).
(2)在一定的语境中，在某些动词（如want,wish,hope,like,love等）之后，可省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。如： ①-----Are you going there?-----I’d like to (go there).
②He didn’t give me the chance,though he had promised to (give me the chance).
如果该宾语是be动词或是动词的完成时态，则须在to之后加be或have。如：
③--Are you an engineer?--No,but I want to be(an engineer).
④--He hasn’t finished the task yet.---Well,he ought to have(finished the task).
4、省略表语。如： ①----Are you thirsty?-----Yes,I am(thirsty).
②His brother is not lazy,nor is his sister(lazy).
5、同时省略几个成分。如： ①---Are you feeling better now?--(I am feeling )Much better (now).
②--Have you finished your work?--(I have)Not(finished my work)yet.
(二)并列句中的省略
两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一个分句中相同的部分。如：
①    My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
②    I study at college and my sister(studies)at high school.
(三)主从复合句中的省略
1、句中有一些成分被省略（多见于句首）。如：
①(I’m)Sorry to hear that you are ill. ②(It is)Pity we live so far from the sea.
2、省略了从句中与主句相同的部分。如：
①They don’t visit their parents as much as they ought to(visit their parents).
②My friend can’t come to school,but I wonder why(he can’t come).
3、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。如：
①----She must be busy now.----If so,she can’t go with us.
②----Is he feeling better today?----I’m afraid not.
类似的用法还有：How so?/Why so?/Is that so?/Do you think so?/Quite so./He said so./I hope so./I don’t think so./I suppose not./I believe not./I hope not，等。
4、句和从句各有一些成分被省略。如：
①The sooner(you do it),the better(it will be).
②----Is Mr King in his office?----(I’m)Sorry,I don’t know(whether he is or not).
（四）其它省略
英语省略的情况还有很多，下面归纳几种需要注意的情况：
1、that的省略
(1)宾语从句中常省略连词 that,但并列多个宾语从句中，只能省略第一个that。
(2)在定语从句中，通常当that在从句中作宾语时，才能省略。如：
The noodles (that)I cooked were delicious.
 (3)在主语从句、同位语从句中that很少省略（口语中有省略），在表语从句中偶尔省略。
2、不定式符号to的省略
（1）并列的不定式，前面的不定式带to,后面的不定式可省去to。如：①I told him to sit down and wait a while.     
但是，如果两个不定式之间有对比关系，则不可省去to。如：
Hearing the news,we didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
（2）某些使役动词（如make,let,have）及感官动词（如see,watch,notice,observe,hear,feel,look at,listen to等）后面作宾语补足语的不定式一定要省去to,但在被动语态中须把to复原。比较：
I saw the boy fall from the tree./The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
He often makes his sister cry,but today he was made to cry by his sister.
(3)find当“发现”讲时，后面作宾语补足语不定式的符号to可以省去，也可以不省。如：
We found him(to)work hard at the experiment.
但如果不定式是to be则to不能省略。如： She found him to be dishonest.
(4)help当“帮助”讲时，后面的宾语或宾语补足语的不定式符号to可省，也可不省。如：
I will help(to)do it for you./I will help you(to)do it.
(5)介词but,except前若有动词do,后面的动词不定式不带to。如：
①    The boy does nothing but play all day.
②    The animals have nothing to do but lie down and sleep in winter.
(6)主语从句中有动词do,后面作表语的动词不定式的to可带可不带。如：What we can do now is (to) wait.
3、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序要有变化。（见“倒装句”有关部分）
4、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可省去“主语+be”部分，如：
①    As(he was)a child,he often asked many interesting questions. ②    I’m going with you if(I am)free.
③    He opened his lips as if(he were)to speak.
5、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语是it，其后的动词be及其主语可一起省略。如：
①    Fill in the blanks with articles,if(it is)necessary.
②    Whenever(it was)possible,they would stop him and ask him the three questions.
6、在than和as引导的比较状语从句中，在意义明确的情况下，可省略than和as后的任何部分。如：
①    I know you than he(knows you). ②    I know you than(I know)him.
③    In winter,it is colder here than(it is cold)in your hometown. ④    I’m nearly as tall as he(is).

专项题组训练
1.He became a good player_____in college.
A.when  B.because  C.as soon as  D.even though
2._____green,the door might look more beautiful.
A.You painted  B.If painted  C.To paint  D.Have it painted
3.-----The patient feels better.-----I know_______.
A.he feels  B.he does  C.he does so  D.he does it
4.----Have you been here long?-----_________.
A.Not much  B.Yes,only little C.No,only yesterday D.No,not very
5.----Do you need a new dictionary in your English study?---No,____.
A.I have some to do it  B.there are some already
C.I think I have some that will do  D.I’m having some dictionaries
6.I told him to sit down and_____for a moment.
A.waits   B.waited    C.wait     D.waiting
7.My father is a doctor and my mother________.
A.nurse    B.a nurse   C.be a nurse    D.is nurse
 
专题训练：1---7 ABBDCCB