高三英语词汇归类总复习
纵观历届高考,从单项选择、完形填空、短文改错、单词拼写乃至阅读理解的考查无一不是对词汇的考查 。到了高三,仅仅英语一科就有厚厚九本书(新版教材),两千多单词,数不清的习语搭配和同义词,加上复杂的语法、语音, 的确使英语复习显得很难而又"漫无边际"。 怎样才能花较少的时间取得较大的复习效果呢 ?下面笔者就多年来从事高三教学所得的点滴体会,参照历届高考词汇考查频繁的内容,从语法、习语、辨析和拼写等四方面将语音、词汇、语 法和拼写融为一体,谈谈英语词汇的归类总复习。
一、从用法上复习归纳词汇,过语法关
英语词汇大多具有本身词义外,还有其语法功能,我们在复习时就不要把着 眼点单纯放在单词记忆上,而 要从它们的语法功能上去把握它们。如在复习动 词时我们就要根据它们变化形式多、搭配活跃等特点,从它们 的用法上进行分 类记忆。这样,既可记住词汇,又可攻克语法难关。
1.宾语不同,意义也不同
英语中有些动词可同时后接不定式和动名词作宾语,但意义不同。它们是高 考试题的考查重点。这类词主 要有:
go on doing(继续干同一件事) go on to do(接着去干另一件事) stop doing sth.(停止正在干的事) stop to do sth.(停下来去干某事) regret doing(后悔干了某事) regret to do(相当于be sorry to do) forget/remember doing(忘记/记得已做过的事) forget/remember to do (忘记/记得要干的事) mean doing(意味着干…) mean to do(想干…) try doing(尝试做) try to do(设法做)
(95高考)"You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting."
"Well, now I regret _____ ___that."
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done ────(画线项为答案,下同)
(92高考)"I usually go there by train." "Why not ____________by boat for a change?"
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going ──────
2.都可接宾语和宾补,形式却不同
某些动词如forbid, advise, allow, permit, admit, consider等直接接动词 作宾语时要用动名词,但接宾补时 ,宾补要用不定式。如:
We forbid smoking here.(宾语) We forbid you to smoke here.(宾补) You are forbidden to smoke here.(主补)
(87高考)They would not allow him _________across the enemy line.
A. to risk going B. risking going ──────── C. for risk to go D. risk going
3.宾语不同、语态不同,意义却相同
有些词如need, require, want, deserve等后可接不定式(要用被动形式), 可接动名词(要用主动形式表被 动意义),可与worth, worthy一并记忆。两种 形式意义相同。如:
The room requires to be cleaned/cleaning. (85高考)This sentence needs______________.
A. an improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved ──────
4.只接不定式作宾语的词和词组
decide, expect, refuse, wish, hope, order, promise, pretend, offer, hap pen, seem, make up one's mind, used, be about, be able, have等。
如: (89高考)She pretended ____________me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing ────── C. to not see D. having not seen
5.只接动名词作宾语的词和词组 只接动名词作宾语的词和词组:
mind, risk, avoid, enjoy, escape, keep, suggest, appreciate, practice , de lay, finish, feel like, look forward to, can't help, keep(on),miss, be used to, excuse, be worth, imagine ,put off, give up等。如:
(92高考)I would appreciate _________back this afternoon.
A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. you are calling ───────
(87高考)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed______.
A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch ───────
6.半系动词
半系动词后可用名词、不定式、分词和形容词等作表语,这类词有: 表感观的系动词:look, sound, taste, smell, feel(这些词用形容词作表语), seem, appear 表变化的系动词:become, get, turn, grow, make, come, go, fall, run 表依旧的系动词:remain, keep, stay, continue, stand, rest, lie, hold 可带名词作表语的系动词:
be, become, make, look, sound, fall, prove, remain, turn(该词后接的单数名词 前多不用冠词。如:He turned teacher.)
(91高考)These oranges taste____________.
A. good B. well ─── C. to be good D. to be well
7.含"被动"意味的动词
有些动词,如 sell,open,close,wash,teach,burn,measure,cut,lock,cost,read,write,tear ,wear, pull, clean, add, cook, let(出租)等,它们的主语是事物,且又是表示 主语的固有特征和状态,与行为方式状语连 用时,要用主动形式表被动意义:
My pen writes smoothly.我的笔好写。
Oil burns easily.油易燃烧。
(88高考)That suit _________over 60 dollars.
A. had costed B. costed C. is cost D. cost ────
(97高考)"Is this raincoat yours?" "No, mine ____________there behind the door."
A. is hanging B. has hung ────── C. hangs D. hung
8.具有两种形式的易混动词
中学英语教材中有些不规则动词有两种过去式或两种过去分词形式,使用或 考测时极易弄混。
如:hang, hanged, hanged(绞死) hang, hung, hung(挂起) light, lit, lit(点燃,作谓语) light, lighted, lighted(过去分词作形容词用时,意谓"燃烧着的",作 定语) drink, drank, drunk/drunken(喝,饮;过去分词作形容词同时,意谓"醉 的",drunk多作表语,drunken n多作定语) sink, sank, sunk/sunken(下沉;过去分词sunken作形容词用时,作定语) bear, bore, born(出生) bear, bore, borne(结果;生育) lie(撒谎),lied, lied, lying lie(躺,卧,位于),lay, lain, lying
(89高考)Do you know the boy ___________under the big tree?
A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying ────
二、从搭配上复习归纳词汇,过习语关
英语词汇的搭配十分活跃,复习时我们要把重点放在某些常用的动词、名词 或介词、副词。我们可按下列 方式进行对比归纳。
1.常用的搭配活跃的名词
常用的搭配较活跃的名词有:time, way, moment, means等。如time的搭配 短语在中学教材中出现有:
in no time(立刻,马上),on time(按时),in time(及时、迟早),at a time(一次),behind the times(落伍),behind time(不及时,晚点),at one time(曾经),for a time(一度),at othe r times(其它时候,平素),at times (有时候),at all times(一直,经常)
(93高考)If you keep on, you will succeed_____________.
A. in time B. at on time ───── C. on time D. at the same time
(94高考)Don't all speak at once! ___________, please.
A. Each at on time B. One by one time C. One for each time D. One at a time ────────
2.常用的搭配活跃的动词
常用的搭配活跃的动词有:
look, take, make, give, get, have, go, do, turn, put, set, come等。复习时我们要 尽量将具有相反意义的介词、副词与同一动词的搭配罗列在一起对比记忆,如 turn一词:
turn on(打开),turn off(关上),turn up(放大音量等;出现),turn down (放小音量等;拒绝) ,turn in(上交),turn against(反对),turn out (生产),turn away(避开)
(81高考)Would you mind __________your radio a little?
A. turn off B. turning off C. to turn down D. turning down ───────
(92高考)Readers can _________quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word.
A. get over B. get out of ───── C. get away D. get off
3.常用的搭配活跃的介词、副词
搭配活跃的介词、副词有:in, out, up, down, on, off, to, from, for, over, with 等。复习时,我们要从不同动 词、名词等与同一介词、副词搭配进行逐一过关, 如on的搭配有:
①on与动词的搭配 get on(上车/船等),live on(以…为生),feed on(以…为生),take on (接受;雇用),turn on(打开开关/电器等),look on(旁观),spy on(侦 察/窥探),call on(号召;拜访),go on(继续 ),have on(穿戴),depend on(依靠),wait on(侍候),carry on(执行),hold on(坚持),insist on (坚持),play tricks on(戏弄),fix on(注视),impress on(留下印象) ②on与名词搭配(注意冠词的取舍)
on duty(值班),on business(因公;因事),on fire(燃烧),on show (展览),on time(准时) ,on strike(罢工),on watch(监视,观察),on sale(出售;大减价),on earth(到底,究竟),on journey(旅游),on foot(步行),on purpose(故意),on the way(在 路上),on the contrary(相 反),on one hand(一方面),on the right(在 右边),on the whole(总而言之),on one's own(独自 ),on one's side(支 持,站在某一方),on holiday/leave(度假/请假)
③其它情况:
later on(后来),from now/then on(从现在/那时起),on account of (由于,因为)
(93高考)We offered him our congratulations _______his passing the college entrance exams. A. at B. on C. for D. of ──
(91高考)A new school was ___________in the village last year.
A. held up B. set up ──── C. sent up D. brought up
三、从对比词/词组的同义、词序或结构等复习归纳词汇,过辨析关
1.动作动词和结果动词
英语中有些动词虽然意义相同,但用法不同,有的表示某个动作,而另一个 则表示该动作所产生的结果, 这类动词常见的有:
look for(寻找),find(找到);look(看),see(看见);listen(听), hear(听到);try(试 图,不说明是否成功),manage(设法,侧重做到);advise (劝告,不说明是否劝成),persuade(劝服, 侧重劝成功)
(87高考)How can you ___________if you are not__________?
A. listen, hearing
B. hear, listening ────────
C. be listening, heard
D. be hearing, listened to
2.词序不同、意思就不同
有少量词组颠倒词序后意思和用法就不同了,常见的有: before long(不久以后),long before(很久以前) turn in(上交;就寝),in turn(按次序,轮流) hand in(上交),in hand(在手边) from far(来自远方),far from(离得远;远非) much too(非常,修饰形容词或副词),too much(太多,修饰名词,也可 作名词)
if only(要是…),only if(只有…) all in(精疲力尽),in all(总共) good for(对…有好处),for good(永远)
(95上海)It was __________late to catch a bus after the party, therefore we called a taxi.
A. too very
B. much too ─────
C. too much
D. far
3.常用的搭配活跃的介词、副词
搭配活跃的介词、副词有:in, out, up, down, on, off, to, from, for, over, with 等。复习时,我们要从不同动 词、名词等与同一介词、副词搭配进行逐一过关, 如on的搭配有:
①on与动词的搭配 get on(上车/船等),live on(以…为生),feed on(以…为生),take on (接受;雇用),turn on(打开开关/电器等),look on(旁观),spy on(侦 察/窥探),call on(号召;拜访),go on(继续 ),have on(穿戴),depend on(依靠),wait on(侍候),carry on(执行),hold on(坚持),insist on (坚持),play tricks on(戏弄),fix on(注视),impress on(留下印象) ②on与名词搭配(注意冠词的取舍)
on duty(值班),on business(因公;因事),on fire(燃烧),on show (展览),on time(准时) ,on strike(罢工),on watch(监视,观察),on sale(出售;大减价),on earth(到底,究竟),on journey(旅游),on foot(步行),on purpose(故意),on the way(在 路上),on the contrary(相 反),on one hand(一方面),on the right(在 右边),on the whole(总而言之),on one's own(独自 ),on one's side(支 持,站在某一方),on holiday/leave(度假/请假)
③其它情况:
later on(后来),from now/then on(从现在/那时起),on account of (由于,因为)
(93高考)We offered him our congratulations _______his passing the college entrance exams.
A. at B. on C. for D. of ──
(91高考)A new school was ___________in the village last year.
A. held up B. set up ──── C. sent up D. brought up
这类词在拼法上一样,但合写和分写在用法和意义上却不同,常见的词有:
sometime(某个时候),some time(一段时间) sometimes(有时),some times(几次) everyday(adj."日常的",作定语),every day(每天) anyway(adv.无论怎样),any way(以任何方式) altogether(总共,完全),all together(一道,一起) already(已经),all ready(都已准备好) everyone(每个人,指人,不可接of短语),every one (每个人或物,后 可接of短语) none(没有,可指人或物),no one(没有,专指人)
(95高考)They were all very tired, but _______of them would stop to take a rest.
A. any B. some C. none D. neither ─── 6.差了一个字母a,意思大不同
这类词不多,但在练习中极易出错,使用时也常混淆,因而要从用法和意义 上加以辨别。
如:alive(adj."活着的",作表语),live(adj.修饰物,作定语:a live fire) alone(adj., adv."独自",作形容词时作表语),lone(adj."孤独的; 偏僻的",作定语) asleep(adj."熟睡的",常作表语),sleep(V., n.睡着) awake(adj., v."醒着;叫醒",作形容词时作表语),wake(v.叫醒) alike(adj."相象的",表语形容词),like(v., prep., adj. 喜欢;象… 一样)
arise(vi.产生;发生;出现),rise(vi.起来;上涨;上升) across(prep., adv.穿过;横过),cross(v.穿过;横过) await(vt. "等候",直接接宾语),wait(vi."等候",不及物动词) aloud(adv."大声地",与read, call, cry等连用,无比较级形式),loud (adv."大声地,响亮地", 常与talk, speak, shout, laugh等词连用) 注意:有a-的形容词常作表语,作定语时则要后置。如: It's difficult for the man awake to fall asleep again.
四、归纳易拼错的常用词,过拼写关 归纳易拼错的常用词如:
quarrel,immediately,camera,umbrella,envelope,develop,popular,republi c ,public, appreciate, pronunciation等,攻克单词拼写难关。
我们在复习词汇时要有的放矢,全方位、多渠道地去探索它们的内在规律, 根据它们的特点把语音、拼写 、语法、搭配等融为一体,缩小复习的范围、避 免词汇复习的枯燥性,从而提高复习兴趣与效果。

