第七章 英语测试常用题型及写作对策
英语测试常用题型有主题作文，关键词作文，情景作文，看图作文，图表作文等。而主题作文或提纲式作文是我们在考试中最常遇见的，下面是我们常采用的对策。
1． 对应法
对于提纲式写作，有时，我们可以采用对应法按照中文提纲分别写成三段。
如：淡水危机
提纲：1） 有人认为淡水是取之不尽的。（雨水、河水、井水……）
2） 实际上淡水是非常紧缺的。（人口增加、工业用水增加）
3） 我们应该怎么办？
Global Shortage of Fresh Water
Generally, people think that fresh water is inexhaustible. Every year there is enough rain. And there is plenty of fresh water in the rivers and lakes. What's more, we have a lot of underground water.
Actually, fresh water is in a short supply. Due to the rapid population increase, fresh water consumption remains great. Besides, with the development of industry, more water is needed. Moreover, a lot of our rivers and lakes have been so polluted that water from them is undrinkable.
We must take some measures to solve the problem of water shortage. First, population growth should be slowed down to reduce fresh water demand. Second, pollution should be controlled to purify fresh water in the rivers and lakes. What is most important, we should cherish every drip of water in our daily life.
再如：
提纲：1） 有人认为钱是幸福之本（source of happiness）
2） 有人认为金钱是万恶之源(root of evil)
3） 我的看法。
Some think that money is the source of happiness. Once they have money, they will enjoy everything. They can use the money they have to buy, a beautiful house or even a wife.
Some others think that money is the root of all evil. Due to the greed for money, people will do various kinds of evil things, such as stealing, robbing or even murder. Money can easily change a kind, honest man into a cruel, cunning woe.
In my opinion, both of the above-mentioned viewpoints go to an extreme. Money itself is neither good nor evil. It all depends on how we look at it. We can not deny the importance of money in the modern society. Meanwhile, we should not ignore the fact that something can not be bought by money, such as friendship, true love and so on.
这两例都是采用了对应写作方式，将提示中的三句分别扩展成三段，三段之间相互衔接，构成一个完整的篇章。
2．调整法
尽管是提纲式写作，提纲所提示的只是文章所要包括的主要内容，却不是文章的结构模式，一般情况下，同学们应根据英语文章的类型，重新安排文章。如上面有关"钱"的一个写作，按照英语的表达习惯，最好是加上一个引子。
What is money? To this question, different people hold differently. Some thing money is the source of happiness, while some regard it as the root of all evils. As far as I am concerned, they both have their reasons
Those who consider money as the source of happiness argue that money means massive house, beautiful clothes, or luxurious cars, and can enable them and their families live comfortably. They even believe that money can bring power, friendship, and love. But due to the temptation of money, there are many people who become thieves, robbers, or murderers. It is also out of the greed for money that some officials forget their duty and cause enormous losses to the country, so some people think that money is the root of all evil and suggest that we keep away from money.
In fact, money is merely a medium of exchange. It may bring you happiness; it may lead you to a life of crime. Whether it is good or bad depends on how it is used.
由于在实际的英语写作的考试中，绝大多数以议论文为主。在文章的总体布局上，推荐采用三段式结构，即Introduction ---- Body ---- Conclusion于第一段中引出话题，从而提出主题，中间用一段到两段的篇幅采用举例、列举或比较的方式论证或说明自己的观点，于结论处或重述主题、或归难总结照应首段，或提出问题的解决方式等。
如： The World is Getting Smaller and Smaller提纲：
1． 现代化的交通工具越来越发达
2． 人与人之间的交往越来越频繁
3． 结论
More and more often we hear people say, "The world is getting smaller and smaller!" （首段提出主题）
The first reason for that is we are now having more and more advanced transportation. From bicycles to private cars, from steam locomotives to electric locomotives, from airplanes to rocket planes, the highly developed transportation has greatly shortened the distance which seemed too far to cover. Another reason is that in this modern society we need to contact frequently with each other. Every day we must deal with a lot of people known or unknown to us to have our work done, and the rapid development of traffic transportation makes our frequent contact possible. （中间论证主题）
So we can reach the conclusion that the world will get smaller and smaller with the development of our society.（结论重述主题）
再如下面一篇写作：
题目："Good Health"提纲：
(1) Importance of good health(2) Ways to keep good health(3) My own practices写作中可以将文章分成三段，但注意每段主题要明确，并且于第一句中提出：
Good health is very important to everyone. With it, we can study hard; we can serve the country; we can do everything as we like. Without good health, everybody knows, we will fail to do things; we can't work efficiently; we may stay in hospital we'll become a burden of our family, etc. In my opinion, there are two ways to keep fit. First, we must eat a balanced diet. This is to say, we must eat not only eggs, fish, and meat, but also some vegetables and fruit everyday. Besides eating, drinking clean water is also important. Never get addicted to drinking the so-called "soft drinks". Second, exercising is a vital part of our daily life. We can do some running in the morning and play football in the afternoon.
As a university student, I pay much attention to my physical exercises. I do some swimming in summer and some skating in winter. I often play badminton and tennis. I'm also careful with my diet. In a way, keeping healthy is not very hard if you just take it seriously.
以下是一些热点话题的范文供同学们参考：
标题：City Life and Suburban Life
提纲：1) 最近几年越来越多的人迁往近郊居住
2）城市生活和近郊生活各有特点
3） 比较起来，我喜欢的是……
In recent years more and more homes are being pushed outwards as the activities of business, government and pleasure tend to be concentrated in the centers of the cities. Although most people are reluctant to move to the outskirts of the cities, I feel like living in the suburbs.
It is true that the city can provide much convenience and entertainment, the very reason why people can't bear to part with city life. But the cost for the privilege of living in the city is also high. What's more, there is more gas and noise pollution in the city, which is full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the roar of buses and taxies, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. In contrast, living near the countryside one can enjoy the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and the quiet, peaceful surroundings --- the essentials of a healthy life. Although living in the suburbs one may suffer a little discomfort brought about by the necessity of traveling miles to work every day, it means nearly nothing when thinking of the high cost and heavily polluted environment of the city.
The new suburban life is fast becoming a predominant pattern of living in most cities; and with the improvement of traffic and the perfection of services, it will prove to hold great superiority over city life.
例证
标题： My View on College Students' Part-time Jobs
提纲：1）有人认为大学生做兼职工作很有好处；
2）然而，有人认为大学生做兼职工作弊多利少；
3）我的看法
Nowadays, an increasing number of college students are doing part-time jobs. People hold different opinions on that.
Some people think that there are many advantages for college students to have part-time jobs. Firstly, part-time jobs offer them opportunities to apply what they have learned in school and demonstrate their abilities. Secondly, it enables them to be more independent of their family and builds up their self-confidence. Thirdly, part-time experiences may be of great help to their future careers. Finally, part-time jobs can broaden their college lives and help them know more of themselves and society.
However, some other people hold that doing part-time jobs has more disadvantages. The main job of college students is to study, not to work. If they have part-time jobs, they may have to reduce their time for sleep, rest, study and activities. Working several hours a day consumes a lot of time and energy and may affect their studies. As a result, they may find it hard to adjust to what the college expects of them as well as their employers expect, and finally, they may fall behind or fail in their studies.
In my opinion, students can choose to take up a part-time job according to their own situation. The most important thing for them is to keep a good balance between part-time jobs and his study.
例文
标题：How to Achieve Success
提纲：1）有人说成功主要靠运气；
2）有人则认为成功主要靠勤奋，与运气毫无关系;
3）我的观点
Some people say the key to success is the luck, while others claim it is hard work. As far as I am concerned, there are many factors contributing to success and the three fundamental ones are diligence, devotion and perseverance.
Diligence is the first key factor to success. Diligence helps us remove ignorance, overcome difficulties, and enlighten our minds. It makes a fool wise, and a poor man rich. Devotion is another factor to success. Whatever we do, we must love it and do it whole-heartedly. Only when we set our minds on the job, can we do it well. Furthermore, perseverance, or a strong will, is the last key to success. Without a strong will, we are likely to give up when we meet some difficulties, let alone perform wonderful deeds.
To conclude, all great men achieve success through diligence, devotion and perseverance. Just as the famous saying goes, "No pains, no gains", "Where there is a will, there is a way."
