第六章 段落的展开

段落的发展技巧较常用的有以下几种：按时间展开，按空间展开，按过程展开，举例和归纳，类比和对比，分类，原因和结果。下面一一阐述。

第一节 按时间展开

当写记叙文（narrative writing）时，常按时间顺序展开，先发生的事先讲，后发生的事后写，这样文章的条理清楚，明白易懂。如写：Topic: A Typical Freshman’s Activities on a Typical Day（大学新生一天的活动）所列的提纲：
A. Early morning activities
1. Getting up
2. Washing and dressing
3. Tidying up bedroom
4. Breakfast
5. Collecting books and notes
B. Late morning activities
1. English class
2. Studying in library
3. Law class
C. Afternoon activities
1. Lunch in student canteen
2. Physical exercises
3. Studying in the classroom
D. Early evening activities
1. Supper
2. Studying in the classroom/part-time campus job
E. Late evening activities
1. Snacking in coffee shop/ Relaxing with roommates and watching TV news reports
2. Reviewing English notes
3. Undressing and washing
4. Going to bed
常用衔接词和短语：
首环节：first, at first, first of all, in the first place, to begin with
中间环节：second, secondly, in the second place, next, afterwards, after that, then, later, another, third, thirdly, still another, in addition, beside, furthermore
末环节：lastly, at last, finally, eventually, in the end

第二节 按空间顺序展开

我们有时需要对一个地方进行一番描述。不论我们要描述的是一个大国家还是一个小房间，我们都要先设计好描述的顺序。要做到这一点，就要先搞清楚所要描述的地方有哪些细节，他们之间的方位关系如何，从哪个角度开始展开描述比较清楚等。对一个地方的描述最忌凌乱无章，使读者摸不着头脑。如上面的文章也可用空间法来展开。
Topic: A Typical Freshman’s Activities on a Typical Day（大学新生一天的活动）
A. Activities in the students’ dormitory
1.Getting up
2.Washing and dressing
3.Tidying up bedroom
4.Collecting books and notes
5.Undressing and washing
6.Going to bed
B. Classroom, library and lab activities
1.English class
2.Studying in library
3.Law class
C. Canteen and recreation activities
1.Breakfast,Lunch and supper
2.Physical exercises
3.Snacking in coffee shop/ Relaxing with roommates and watching TV news reports
常用的衔接词和短语：
be situated/located in/on/at, be surrounded by, next to, to the east/south/west/north of, close to, from…to…, above, over, under, below, between, across, opposite.

第三节 按过程展开

如果某个描述涉及到多个步骤，应该按照过程的发展顺序把这些步骤交代清楚，在这一类文章里常常用祈使句和不定代词“你”来表达。如果文中的说明至今有效，在行文中用现在时。
It is necessary for a person to know how to post a parcel, since almost everyone has relatives and friends living far away and he may like to send them something. Different objects are packed in different ways. Things like bottles of medicine and watches should be put into wooden boxes to avoid breakage. After you have packed the objects, put down your address and that of the addressee on the wrapping. Give the parcel to the postal clerk for him to check. He will then give you a form to fill in. Having filled in the form, you give it together with the parcel to the clerk. He will weigh the parcel and tell you how much you should pay. You pay the money and get a receipt. Be sure to keep your receipt until you are sure that the addressee has received the parcel. If anything wrong should happen to your parcel, you can show the receipt to the clerk and ask to be reimbursed.
描述过程的常用衔接词和短语：
1) Firstly… secondly… Thirdly… Finally…
2)First, Then, Next, After this, Lastly
3)Afterward, Furthermore, Moreover, in addition to….

第四节 举例和归纳

通过举例来展开段落，可以使中心句的抽象意思具体化，给读者留下一个清晰、有趣、深刻和信服的印象。例子可以只举一个，也可举几个。　　举例的最明显标志是for example/for instance的使用。就整篇文章而言，可以不是举例型文章，但其中的某一段落可以采用举例的结构模式。如：
　　Topic：Harmfulness of Fake Commodities
 提纲：
1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品，为什么会有这种现象？
2．举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。

　　Nowadays in the society, there are enormous fake commodities. When you go to the supermarket, you may buy some fake food commodities. When you go the parmacist's, you may buy some fake medicine. The deep root of this phenomenon lies in some one's greed for money. In order to get a large amount of money in a short time, they try every means to produce fake commodities, without any regard for other people's benefit and health. Fake commodities can do great harm to both consumers and society. For example, when a person bought fake medicine, it was useless in curing his disease and really a waster of money. Sometimes fake medicine can even cause death. Fake commodities are usually sold at a low price. It causes unfair competition in the market economy and puts the whole society in disorder.

另一种通过举例或细节展开段落的方法是从细节到归纳，即先铺叙细节，把归纳性的中心句放在段尾。如：
Whether you do or do not open a gift in the presence of the giver; whether you should or should not turn the plate over to look at the maker’s symbol on the back; whether you put your coat on before or after you leave the host’s house; whether you eat as quietly or as noisily as possible; whether you carry on a conversation during a meal; whether you walk in front of or behind a seated person; whether it is a friendly or an offensive gesture to put your hand on the arm of the person with whom you are talking---these and a thousand other questions are matters of cultural definition. None of them is inherently right or wrong, and none is good or bad manners except as society defines it so.
段落中的细节和例子往往按照它们的重要性和趣味性来排列：分量轻或趣味性弱的靠前，分量重或趣味性强的置后。
举例法常用的衔接词：
1） 介词短语：for example, for instance, in illustration of, by way of examples
2） 形容词短语: such as, such…as…
3） 副词: as
4） 动词短语: be an example of, be a case in point, take an example, provide an example, use an example, bring forward a case, draw an example