第四章 写作前的准备工作
第一节 酝酿 (Brainstorming)和归类(Grouping)
酝酿指的是就某一特定的主题进行构思,尽可能列出与此主题相关的事实、观点、想法、事例、感觉等。在列举时,不必用完整的段落,一般是一连串的关键词、短语或主题句。这时,不需考虑整体的篇章结构,也不用担心语法、拼写等,关键是别漏掉与该主题有关的重要的人或事。如,要求以“job”(职业)为主题进行酝酿,你可能列举哪些相关事物呢?pay scales
jobs in health care
private industry
I have had three jobs
computers changing many jobs
discrimination against senior citizens
changes in the future job market
husband and wife both working
jobs in socialist countries
women in “men’s” jobs
unions
commuting to work
health hazards on some jobs
unemployment
pensions
jobs overseas
owning small businesses
blue collar jobs
military, government jobs
college training for jobs
changing jobs and careers
job interviews
jobs for immigrants
reasons why people change jobs
temporary jobs
working while going to college
boring jobs
jobs in entertainment
forty working hours a week
vacations
health insurance
counseling for jobs at college
minimum wages
dangerous jobs
在正式写作前,除了对所写的主题或题目进行酝酿,列出可能包括的想法和内容外,还需对其进行组织和整理,最常用的方法便是归类(Grouping)。正式写作时由于篇幅、时间、主题等因素的要求,对某一主题所酝酿的内容,恰当取舍,保留切题的部分。如对上述job的内容,按以下方面归类:
| Types of jobs |
|
| Problems with jobs |
|
| Rewards of jobs |
|
| Preparing for jobs |
|
| Others |
|
第二节 列提纲(Outline)
在学写英语文章过程中,很多人的作文条理不清,内容混乱,得分率低,究其原因,多半无提纲指引所致。 列提纲有什么好处呢? 它能组织思想,帮你构思内容,理清思路。虽然比不列提纲动手行文晚了些时间,但磨刀不误砍柴工。有了提纲,就能收到事半功倍的效果。 怎样编列提纲呢? 1.首先要理解题目和主题句。找出主题句或提示句的关键词,掌握一段的主题,根据主题思想来确定要有哪几个论点来阐述本段主题,然后构思全段内容,这是编列提纲前的准备过程。
2.段落只有一个论点的提纲列法:
有的段落其主题句所含的主题思想简单,只需要一个论点来阐述,其主题句或主题句的关键词就是该段的提纲,这样的段落叫主题句段落。例如某作文“My Ideal Jobs” 第一段主题句为: people have different ideal jobs,关键词是ideal jobs。该关键词就是该段之提纲,行文时开门见山,直接写出主题句,接着举例说明,该段可以这样扩展: People have different ideal jobs. Some may want to be a doctor,a teacher or a scientist. Some may want to be a worker, a peasant farmer or a solider and so on. 3. 多层次提纲列法: 有的主题句需要几个论点来阐述,有的大论点包含小论点,这种段落的提纲是多层次的,需要进行层次安排。根据主题思想,可考虑分哪几个论点来阐述,各论点用什么材料或例子,哪个论点在先,哪个论点在后,哪个大论点还要包括哪些小论点。大小论点分别用不同层次的标题列出,同一层次标题的语法结构相同,并用同类型的标号依次标出。例如“My Ideal Job”为题,第二段My job is…(for example, teaching)…其提纲可以是: (1)Teaching is very important in spreading human knowledge and pushing the society forward. (2)Teaching is my interest and pleasure. A. A teacher has long vacation. a. I can travel during the vacations. b. I can write articles. c. I can arrange my own time.B. Living among the young people makes me young forever.



