1. 现在分词的一般式：现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时(几乎同时)发生：
When we arrived, we found him sleeping. 我们到达时发现他在睡觉。
He went home, finding the door locked. 他回到家，发现门是锁着的。
2. 现在分词的完成式：现在分词的完成式由“having+过去分词”构成，表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作：
Having failed twice, he didn’t want to try again. 他已经失败了两次，不想再试了。
3. 现在分词的被动式：现在分词的被动式由“being+过去分词”构成，表示被动动作：
Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁?
I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看见他被警察带走。
4. 过去分词的一般式：过去分词只有一般式，没有完成式，只有主动式，没有被动式：
Born in a poor family, he could not go to school. 因生于贫穷家庭，他上不起学。
He is a man loved by all. 他是一个受大家爱戴的人(from www.zkenglish.com)。
Asked why he came, he kept silent. 问他为什么要来，他一言不发。
The house being built is our library. 正在建的房子是我们的图子馆。
5. 分词的否定式：总是将否定词not置于分词之前：
Not knowing English, he didn’t know what she wanted. 由于不懂英语，他不知道她想要什么。
Not having finished his work，he could not leave the office. 由于工作没干完他不能离开办公室。
6. 分词的逻辑主语：分词是非谓语动词，没有真正意义的主语，但是，分词作为动词的一种形式，它应有逻辑上的主语：
I often hear him singing this song. 我经常听他唱这首歌。(him 是singing的逻辑主语)
Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying. 听到这消息，他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的逻辑主语)
【注】分词作状语，它的逻辑主语通常应是句子主语，否则会出错。请看下例：
Getting out of the car, ________.(from www.zkenglish.com)
A. A policeman caught him B. he was caught by a policeman
C. Some people saw him D. a policeman ran to him
此题答案应选B，因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语getting out of the car的逻辑主语应是“he”，而不是 a policeman, some people 等。